Intensification of Arsenic and Heavy Metals in Soil and Rice grain: A Sustainable Mitigation via Irrigation in Two Specific Rice Cultivars

Barla, Anil (2019) Intensification of Arsenic and Heavy Metals in Soil and Rice grain: A Sustainable Mitigation via Irrigation in Two Specific Rice Cultivars. PhD thesis, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata.

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Abstract

Arsenic is widely distributed in the environment. Exposure to sufficiently high concentrations of inorganic As in natural environments such as in water, sediment, and soil has proved to be harmful to the organisms. Today, As remains a part of our daily lives and millions of people are being chronically exposed to elevated doses of As from their food, air, water, and soils with unknown long term health consequences. The main pathways of As exposure to the human beings include ingestion of drinking water and consumption of foods and, to a lesser extent, inhalation of air. Rice is approximately tenfold elevated in arsenic concentration compared to all other dietary grain staples. The major component species of total arsenic in rice grain is inorganic arsenic (arsenate and arsenite), a class 1, and nonthreshold carcinogen. Inorganic arsenic gives rise to a range of cancers: lung bladder and skin being the most prominent. Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic species is also implicated in a range of other negative health impacts such as hypertension, diabetes, and premature births. While there is rightful concern regarding high levels of inorganic arsenic exposure to ~100 million people around the world through elevated drinking water ion with no elevated arsenic in their drinking water. The purpose of this study relies on understanding the basic aspects of arsenic contamination pattern in terms of land elevation, irrigation practices, chemical mobility process from soil to plant with assessing its bioavailability and finally a certain finding of mitigation process of As load from rice grain using a thiol compound. Main study focus was aimed to the monsoonal rice cultivation due to the water stagnancy in fields creating ideal environment for the inorganic arsenic mobility from soil solid phase to its aqueous phase transported inside rice plant system.

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